Globalisation of Higher Education Essay

The term globalization means integration of economies and societies finished cross country f imprint of checking, ideas, technologies, goods, services, enceinte, pay and people. globalisation is a a notwithstanding, which has affected valety a(prenominal) atomic number 18as of human life, one and only(a) of those universe culture. The centre of globalization on fosterage bring rapid developments in technology and communications are foreseeing swaps within attainment system across the land as ideas, values and familiarity, changing the business offices of students and teachers, and producing a shift in society from industrialization towards an nformation- based society.Globalization has a multi- dimensional impact on the system of development. It call downs peeled tools and techniques in this area like E- Learning, flexible divulgeing, distance education programs and overseas training. The globalization of education is pliant novel children of a country in to global citizens with a broad range of skills and knowledge to apply to a competitive information based society. Globalization excessively facilitates internationalistic collaboration and cross- cultural exchange. Globalization of higher(prenominal)(prenominal) education is a major concern for all in all societies.As the prerequisite driving force of economic, social and human development, education is at the heart of the change that is dramatically affecting our manhood in the areas of science, technology, economic and culture. This paper will analyze the positive and negative impact of globalization on high education for developing countries. Effective education system is the foundation of opportunities to lead a decent life. One should ensure that all Children should stir adequate access to education at all income level. The paper argues that education is a core element of society.The basic cause of global difference is due to the difference in opportunities in education between unlike countries. population can only contribute and benefit from globalization if they are endue with knowledge, skills, and values and with the capabilities and rights needed to pursue their basic likelihoods. The accuracy of the analysis is dependent upon the accuracy of the data reported by various people of the country. The result of this field of operations will help all the sectors of the society to understand better, the culture, values and education system of other countries and facilitates its adoption.Educators can also use this result to bring the changes in their areas if necessary. Introduction The term Globalization represents the international system that is shaping most societies today. Globalization is a process by which umpteen areas of human life much(prenominal) as economies, societies, politics, business and cultures arrest been affected around the world. One of these areas being education. The term globalization means integration of economies an d societies through cross country flows of information, ideas, technologies, goods, services, capital, finance and people.It s characterized by an accelerated flow of trade, capital and information as well as mobility of indivi triples, across geographical borders. It reflect comprehensive level of interaction than that has occurred in the past, suggesting something beyond the work international. Globalization means more competition, not just with other companies or institutions in the same city or the same region. Globalization also means that national borders do not limit a nations investment, production, innovation and education. Therefore, the term globalization has get a lined some emotive commutations.At one extreme, globalization is seen as an irresistible and benign force for delivering economic prosperity to people throughout the world. At the other, it is blamed as a source of all contemporary ills. However, darn the theory of globalization is relatively new, the proce ss is not. Roberson (1992) further states that globalization was initially discussed from economic perspectives, but in short after it became a topic for discussions among intellectuals from cultural perspectives as well. According to Giddens Globalization the dialectic of homogenization and heterogenization (1991. p22).In other words, globalization, by intensifying the interconnectedness among different people, things and ideas, homogenizes the world and yet at the same cadence, the world becomes heterogenized as people are more aware of differences due to the increasing proximity with differences under a globalize world (Giddens, 1991 ). The notion of the world community being transformed into a global village, as take ind in 1960 by Marshall Mc Luhan in an influential book about her newly shared experience of mass media, was likely to be the first expression of the contemporary concept of globalization. Cited in Epstein, 2002). subsequently 1980, accounts of globalization focus ed on a professed tendency of societies to converge in becoming modern, described initially by Clark Kerr and colleagues as the emergence of industrial man (cited in Robertson, 1992). One critical print that emerges from all of these restructuring processes is the central role of Knowledge, education and education for the success of the Global Information Society (GIS) and global information deli actually. Globalization impacts all aspects of society. Higher education may and business contents seem particularly influenced by them.In the twentieth century, may developing countries look at xperienced growth in the educational facilities purchasable to them due to the entry of institution from the west. Some believe that this process is an invaluable opportunity for the people of the developing counties to annex their skills and standard of education. Other fear that it is merely a modern version of cultural imperialism that will lead to the creation of a universal, ultimately w estward society. People can only contribute and benefit from globalization if they endowed with knowledge, skills and with capabilities and rights needed to pursue their basic livelihoods.They need employment and incomes, and a healthy environment. These are the inhering conditions with empower them to participate fully as citizens in their local, national and global communities. fosterage is a major concern for all societies. As the foundation and essential driving force of economic, social and human development, education is at the heart of the change that is dramatically affecting our world in the areas of science, technology, economics and culture. Steven Schwartz (http// www. Ssn.. flinders. edu. u) believed that Education, where possible, hould be interconnected into the private sector because higher education is increasingly and international enterprise and thus will increasingly be pressured and drawn into deregulation and privatization. This paper analyses the chip of globalization on higher education and also discusses about the impact of globalization on higher education, various opportunities and challenges on the society. Impact of Globalization of Higher Education. Education is undergoing constant changes under the effects of globalization.The effects of Globalization on education bring rapid developments in technology and communications are oreseeing changes with in school system across the world as ideas, values and knowledge, changing the role of students and teachers, and producing a shift in society from industrialization towards and information- based society. It reflects the effect on culture and brings about a new form of cultural imperialism. It brings rapid development in technology and communications are foreseeing changes within school system across the world as ideas, values and knowledge.The rise of a global society, driven by technology and communication development are shaping hildren, the future citizens of the world into global citizens, intelligent people with a broad range of skills and knowledge to apply to a competitive. , information based society. The future of countries lots lies with in their ability to compete in a global market where industrial based economies are giving way to knowledge based industries, realizing the greatness of knowledge skills and the intellectual capacity to meet the challenges of accelerated change and uncertainty.Education is becoming a lifelong learning and training process, developing ransferable skills and knowledge that can be applied to competitive markets where knowledge and information is being trades as a commodity. Although globalization seems to be unavoidable to many counties and numerous endeavor and efforts have been made to adapt to it with aims at taking the opportunities created from it to develop their societies and people, in recent years in that respect are also increasing international concerns with the chanceful impacts of globalization on digenous and national developments.Various social movements have been initiated against the threats of globalization particularly in eveloping countries. The negative impacts of globalization include various types of economic, political, and cultural village by advanced countries on those developing and under- developed countries. In evitable, how to maximize the opportunities and benefits from globalization to support local developments and reduce the threats and negative impacts of globalization will be the major concerns of developing countries.Opportunities of globalization of higher education Knowledge is the driving forces in the rapidly changing globalize economy and society. Quantity nd note of specialized human resources determine their competence in the global market. Emergence of knowledge results in some(prenominal) challenges and opportunities. It is well known that the growth of the global economy has increased opportunities for those countries with good levels of education. Globalization has a multi-dimensional impact on the system of education.It promotes new tools and techniques in these areas like- E- learning, flexible learning, distance educational programme and overseas training. The adit of technology into the classroom is changing the nature f delivering education to the students is gradually giving way to a new form of electronic literacy , more programs and education materials are made available in electronic form. Teachers are preparing canes in the electronic form and even students are presenting assignments and giving papers in the electronic form.The blackboards have been replaced by the LCDs. The chalk has been replaced by the pointers and the power point presentations. Books have been replaced by compact discs. til now grades and the exams are gradually becoming available through electronic means and notebooks are replaced by laptops. Now the students do not have to carry lowering bags to the classrooms. Even the students can be examined through computer managed learning system and do tutorials exercises on a computer rather than in the classroom.Even, the technology has sendn the opportunity to deliver the material through electronic source i. e. via power point presentation and even the notes can be distributed to the students via electronic mail. With such changes and the emergence of video conferencing and the internet, the barriers of distance are being broken down at a rapid rate, due to the key aspect of globalization. Students and adults or in other works each and every soul can now learn in variety of ways and there is no longer any need to be physically present in the education institutions in order to learn.The material is becoming readily available over internet, through video conferencing and tape recordings. Teacher can deliver the lecture to the whole class with the help of video conferencing without being physically present in the class. Now, the student of can get the education fr om any part of the world without traveling over there. The person can stay in his /her own country and et the education of which country he/ she wishes without going over there. Students can learn any time and at any place.Anyone can maintain libraries of texts, images computer software and other forms of data, anywhere at any time. The rapid growth of telly services, with their immense influence as media of mass communication, has been very relevant in the proficient shift. Other larger contribution to this shift includes the transistor and space satellites. talk and information based technology over the years is the internet. This is a massive network of computers located hroughout the world.Developments in the delivery of education is allowing for individuals to explore new areas of learning and thinking that could not be done with pen and paper. They are discovering knowledge through inquiry and experimentation rather than memorizing facts in a teacher reign classroom settin g. Another opportunity of international trade leads to allocation of resources that is consistent with comparative advantage. Globalization results in specialization which enhances productivity.Thus, the international trade, in general, is beneficial and that suppressive trade practices impede rowth. Thats why many off the emerging economies, which originally depended on a growth model of import substitution, have move over to a policy of outward orientation. Globalization of higher eduction also gives the opportunity in movement of capital. bully is a key factor of production. Capital flows across countries have played an important role in enhancing the production base. Without capital any type of economic activity is not possible.Capital mobility enables the center saving of the world to be distributed among countries which have the highest investment potential. Emergence of strong capital market has been one of the important features of the current process of globalization c harm the growth in capital and immaterial exchange markets have facilitated the transfer of resources across borders, the gross turnover in foreign exchange markets has been extremely large. The internationalization of higher education can be linked to various internal and external changes in the international system.Externally, there have been changes in the labor market, which have resulted in calls for more knowledge and skilled workers and workers with deeper nderstandings of languages, cultures and business methods from all over the world. Modern education is almost exclusively focused on preparing children for an urban future. Challenges of globalization of higher education No doubts, higher education has attained a key position in the knowledge society under globalize economy. However, the challenges face are immense and far- reaching.Its impact on the clientele via, individuals, institutions, systems and societies are not only not clear but also not comprprehentible at th is moment unless it is viewed in the context of various other factors that re simultaneously operating on the higher education system. Some agrees that the rapid cross national flows of people, goods , capital and information may dissolve the nation states, push institutions( university is the one) into a common mould where as others disagree.It is assumed that globalization promises dramatic and rewarding change to the higher education system, of societies, which are relatively stable in their political, social and institutional make up, while for the will performing higher education system. It is also line up that globalization has given the dvanced economies a huge advantage as they had made enough preparation prior to its launching while others are caught in the dugout without any preparation.Integration into world economy todays implies not only mastery of traditional knowledge but also the capacity to acquire the new skills required by a knowledge society. It is therefore ev ident that an unequal sharing of the new communication and information technologies only serves to reinforce animated inequalities. While education deficits are obviously greater in developing countries, this is a major issue in developed countries as well. In many industrialized countries there is a persistent problem of illiteracy and low skills, which is and important source of social exclusion.Unequal access to education also fuels evolution wage ine prize and worsen the income distribution. The uneducated and unskilled in industrialized counties face sever disadvantage in an increasingly competitive global market. However, the proviso of both primary and secondary schooling increased during the 90s across the globe, but progress is inadequate and hides the differences between counties and regions. There are many evidences that the more rapid progress is possible if the political will nd the resources exists, in high and low income countries alike.The increase in poverty in t he world is the most tragic phenomenon in this era of abundance. It is the cause of marginal and the exclusion of increasingly bigger groups of the world population and in particular, affects children, the young and women. As a consequence, we see the development of cultures of poverty and marginalization that lock the same people into the cycle of poverty and reinforce their exclusion. But it is still the inequality with regards to knowledge that constitutes one of the biggest challenges of our societies.The traditional raw materials and non renewable natural resources under threat of extinction no longer occupy the most important place in the process of production and development . It is knowledge in itself that has become one of the key resources of economic growth. The introduction of technology is also becoming a challenge to the society. As the implementation of technology and communication to be successful and to educate a society, both the students and teachers need to be te chnologically literate.Communication technology is biding new challenges for students of all abilities as they can discuss issues of concern with heir fellow students from around the world. A shift in education is becoming evident where more responsibility is being placed on the individual for his or her learning, instead of solely on the teacher. Subsequently, the teachers themselves also need to be highly technologically literate, needing the competence and confidence to prepare students for a global information society.Just because of technology and communication seems to be creating in human life between the haves and the have nots resulting in a bifurcated society of those who can afford such information technology and those who cant. so too does globalization. While education institutions in western societies are embracing technology, developing countries are once again left behind, too weak and fragile to implement development programs for education, let alone introduce tech nology as well. There are severe limitations in delivering basic services.A lack of infrastructure and funding makes it difficult to implement any technological and communication advancements. However, despite differences in economy, political, cultures and society, second and third worlds have adopted educational ideals from western thought and are anxious to appear odern and therefore promote education as a symbol of modernity and development to their own population and the foreign countries. The spread of education internationally, as a result of globalization, has distinctly had effects on Cultures worldwide.Now the sources of wealth come from knowledge and communication instead of natural resources and physical labour, which once characterized the United States as a n industrial society. This is a global rather than a national economy. The new economy puts a premium on intellectual capital and the people who produce it. This means that the demand for igher education is expand ing dramatically. Education is needed throughout a lifetime, and the marketplace for that education is international. This growth makes education appealing to the private sector. Educational institutions have reacted by becoming more market oriented.Due to this increasing free trade around the globe- to end protection in many sectors so that there is more competition and privatization, education is increasingly being drawn into this global capitalist competition. The internationalization of education has become one of the key themes of ducational policy and mean in the 1990s and the integration of worldwide capital and labour markets educators are being forced to respond to a new set of challenges. The demographics of higher education have changed substantially. Less than one fifth of todays college students meet the traditional stereotype of attending school full time.For the new majority of students, higher education is not as central to their lives as it was for previous generat ions of students. Research shows they want a very different relationship with their college than students have historically had. They are unwilling to pay for activities and services they do not use. Higher education is being subjected to greater criticism than in the past on issues varying from low productivity and higher cost to the quality of leadership and the inadequacy of technology use. This is an invitation to a private sector that rightly or wrongly sees higher education as the next health care industry.Another challenge is of currency trade. Currency trade has become an end in itself. However, the volatility in the foreign exchange has created often times panic situations. The most recent xample of this was the East Asian crisis. Contagion of financial crises is a worrying phenomenon. When one country faces a crisis, it affects others. It is not as if financial crises are solely caused by foreign exchange traders. Another, major concern is to deliver world class education with updated plan and practical exposure. This is possible only by attracting talented and experienced persons in to academics.At present it is difficult to assess not only the nature and dimensions of globalization, but also what it means to the field of education. A few educational researchers have attempted to made onnections between the several dimensions of globalization and the policies of education. Globalization of Higher Education in India India is also following the global phenomenon. As part of globalization, the economic reform packages were introduced in India in the beginning of 1991. These reform packages imposed a heavy compression on the public budgets on education sector, more specifically so on higher education.This has trickled down to public expenditure on education in general, and higher education in particular. Indian government and Indian corporate sector has recognized the importance of management ducation in the ganging global scenario. now under the refo rming economic conditions, integration of the Indian economy with world economy presupposes efficiency and competitiveness in the domestic front as well as in the international arena. As the process of globalization is technology-driven, and knowledge driven, the very success of economic reform policies critically depends upon the competence of human capital.But, what is observed is the reverse. Even within the education sector, relative priority assigned to higher education has been on the decline. It is to be realized that higher education institutions lay an important role insetting the academic standard for primary and secondary education. They are also responsible for not only providing the specialized human capital in order to quoin the gains from globalization, but also for training inside the country, provide policy advice, etc.Globalization is expected to have a positive influence on the volume, quality an spread of knowledge through increased interaction among the various states. Today our education system is strong enough but central and state governments should change their roles with in the education system, re- inventing them as facilitating supervisory rganizations. Teacher training, infrastructure and syllabuses need to be urgently upgraded. Industry should come forward to share experience with students and to offer more opportunities for live projects.Commercial institutions offering specialized education have come up everywhere. In view of globalization many corporate universities, both foreign and Indian, are encroaching upon our government institutions. Our Institutes like IIMS and IITS have produced world class professionals. These institutes imparts quality education as per industry expectations and give due importance to institute Industry interface. Under the new scenario, Government Private partnership is becoming important in Management Education. Now India is a transforming country. We are near to achieve status of developed nation .The demand for higher education has been growing rapidly with comparatively faster growth in instrument in higher educational institutions than the growth in number of higher educational institutions. The growth rates are doubled among the students enrolled in post- graduate and research, while the number of institutions for post graduate and research studies has grown at a slower rate in 1990s than in 1980s. India is witnessing new era in the field of Management Education. Many Corporate groups like Reliance, Nirma, Tata, Sterlite etc have promoted Management Institutes.Some reputed foreign universities are also coming to India. But government should issue some guidelines so that fees structure remains with in certain limit and those who are from economically poor background have same opportunity. Conclusion Globalization has had many obvious effects on educational technology and communication systems change the way education is delivered as well as roles played by both teachers and tudents. The development of this technology is facilitating the transition from an industrial based society to an information-based one.At the same time, there is a dark side to globalization and to the very openness of the new information systems. While the richest countries grow richer, the poor are becoming poorer. Income, information and education gaps between the rich and the poor are sidetrack not narrowing economic crises, trade imbalances and structural adjustments have precipitated a moral crisis in many countries, tearing the basic social and ultural fabric of many families and communities apart, resulting in increasing youth unemployment , suicide, violence, racism and drug abuse and anti social behavior form schools.In the 21st century, education systems face the dual challenge of equipping students with the new knowledge, skills and values needed to be competitive in a global market while at the same time producing graduates who are responsible adults, good citizen s both of their country and of the world. Thus, globalization challenges us to rethink not only how much education is needed but also its ultimate purposes.