Conflict and Tradition in Things Fall Apart Essay -- Things Fall Apart

Conflict and Tradition in Things Fall Apart          The account book Things Fall Apart successfully uttered how Chinua Achebe had succeeded in writing a different story. It pointed out the conflict of oneself, the traditional beliefs, and the religious matters of the Africans. Throughout the novel, Chinua Achebe used simple but dignified words and dissimilar other books, he also included some flashbacks and folktales to make the novel more interesting and comprehensible. Things Fall Apart was about a man named Okonkwo, who was everlastingly struggling with his inner fear although he was known for being a strong, powerful, and fearless warior. He feared of weakness, and failure more than the fear of losing and dying and that forshadowing  the consequenses he got at the end. Through this man that Chinua Achebe represented the deep and rich human characteristics and the beliefs of one religion to another.        & nbsp      The agriculture of the Igbo society was different than other societies of today. Yams were the main nourishment  by dint of every meal and they called these yams the king of crops. Furthermore, people used the yams for every traditional celebration and used kola nuts to offer their chi or own(prenominal) god. These food, as Chinua Achebe had depict, sometimes related to or involved with the religion or ancestrial spirits. Sometimes there were certain celebrations for each specific kind of food much(prenominal) as the New Yam Festival. Chinua Achebe used agriculture to express certain characteristics of each festival and celebration of the Igbo society.          There was not o... ...hrough this book that Chinua Achebe cleverly described the complexity of each religion and how it affected the African community at that period of time.          The death of Okonkwo at the end was u npredictable to the readers because throughout the novel, Chinua Achebe described him as a strong warrior who feared of nothing besides failure and weakness. When Okonkwo committed suicide, he also committed the only thing he feared, and that was weakness. Things Fall Apart was the book about power, strength, sentiment, religion and love it also contained several dramatic ironies. Although Achebe had written many books and novels, Things Fall Apart  was one of his finest work that got listed as the Classic Bestseller. His finely African style furnished the uniqueness as well as the prominence to the book.  

Where Does Law Come From? Essay -- The Origin of Law

Where does law come from? Law has been defined in many ways by various leaders and thinkers except there is no universal definition. There are numerous sources and the English legal system adopts the rules derived from these various sources to form the English law. Sources of law include reciprocal law and equity, legislation, and international conventions such as the European Convention of human beings Rights (ECHR). It must be noned that customs or constitutional conventions are non law. It is a third estate misconception that customs or conventions are law. The judiciary have repeatedly held that conventions are not law and thus are not binding. The depicted object of Attorney General v Jonathan Cape Ltd aptly demonstrated this point as the court held that the convention of Parliamentary confidentiality is only a convention and does not carry any legal weight. Nevertheless, it is essential to understand what, and how, are sources of law created and what possible dangers m ay arise from these sources.Common LawCommon law graduation came about during the reign of William the Conqueror who created a vernacular set of laws which was binding on all in the land. In the 15th century, the Chancellor was given the debt instrument of deciding cases and he subsequently created his own court, the Court of Chancery which decided cases based on equity. As a result of the Judicature symbolise 1873, common law and equity were merged into the same courts to ensure that one enhances, instead of opposing, the other. Consequently, the only distinction between common law and equity is the remedies available to litigants. Today, common law is regarded as case laws which are decisions made by judges in cases. Common law is operated on two concepts of equal importance, namely the do... ...e valet Rights Act 1998 Third Edition, 2006ArticlesT.H.Bingham ,The European Convention on Human Rights Time to Incorporate (1993) L.Q.R. 390Table of casesA-G v Jonathan Cape Ltd 197 6 QB 752Fitzpatrick v Sterling Housing acquaintance Ltd 1999 4 All ER 705Miliangos v George Frank (Textiles) Ltd 1975 3 WLR 758R v Goldstein, R v Rimmington 2005 UKHL 63R v R 1991 4All ER 481Royal College of Nursing v Department of Health and Social Security 1981 2 WLR 279,CATable of statutes and other instrumentsStatutesAbortion Act 1967 c87European Communities Act c68Human Rights Act 1998 c42Interpretation Act 1978 c30Judicature Act 1873 c66Legislative and Regulatory Reform Act 2006 c51Parliament Act 1949 c103Public Interest Disclosure Act 1998 c23European LegislationEuropean Convention of Human Rights (1951)

The Waters Of Babylon Essay -- essays research papers

"By the amnionic fluid of Babylon"I. reveal the storys exposition.During the exposition you learn that it is forbidden to go to any of theDead Places except to search for metallic element, and he who touches the metal essential be anon-Christian priest of the son of the priest. You also learn that arse is the son of a priestand is training to become a priest.II. Describe the storys conflict.The conflict of the story is that John must over come his fears and goto the city. This is needed for him to become a priest. He must go explore thecity.III. What events set out up the storys procession action at law?The rising action is made up of many parts. John touches a piece his preceptor got from the Dead Place. He and then fasted for a day and wait for a sign. Hethen saw an eagle flying east. Then he had to begin his journey. He then goes tothe city and explores finding many statues and buildings. He then sees a mansiting in a chair in one of the temples (skyscrapers).IV. Describe the storys climax.The climax of the story is when John realizes that the man and all themen in the Place of the Gods were just normal people. He realizes they are moreadvanced humans, but they were just like he was.V. What events make up the storys falling action?The falling action is when John goes back to town to tell his fatherwhat he saw. He then went to his father to be praised an purified. His fathertold him that "You went away a boy. You come back a man and a priest... The Waters Of Babylon Essay -- essays research papers "By the Waters of Babylon"I. Describe the storys exposition.During the exposition you learn that it is forbidden to go to any of theDead Places except to search for metal, and he who touches the metal must be apriest of the son of the priest. You also learn that John is the son of a priestand is training to become a priest.II. Describe the storys conflict.The conflict of the story is that John must over come his fears an d goto the city. This is needed for him to become a priest. He must go explore thecity.III. What events make up the storys rising action?The rising action is made up of many parts. John touches a piece hisfather got from the Dead Place. He then fasted for a day and wait for a sign. Hethen saw an eagle flying east. Then he had to begin his journey. He then goes tothe city and explores finding many statues and buildings. He then sees a mansiting in a chair in one of the temples (skyscrapers).IV. Describe the storys climax.The climax of the story is when John realizes that the man and all themen in the Place of the Gods were just normal people. He realizes they are moreadvanced humans, but they were just like he was.V. What events make up the storys falling action?The falling action is when John goes back to town to tell his fatherwhat he saw. He then went to his father to be praised an purified. His fathertold him that "You went away a boy. You come back a man and a priest...

T.S. Eliots The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock :: essays research papers fc

TS Eliots PrufrockThe ironic character of "The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock," an early poem by T.S. Eliot (1888-1965) in the form of a dramatic monologue, is introduced in its title. Eliot is talking, through his speaker, about the absence of love, and the poem, so far from creation a "song," is a meditation on the chastisement of romance. The opening image of evening (traditionally the time of love making) is disquieting, rather than consoling or seductive, and the evening "becomes a patient" (Spender 160) "When the evening is spread out against the cast aside / Like a patient etherized upon a table" (2-3). According to Berryman, with this line begins modern poetry (197). The urban location of the poem is confrontational instead of being alluring. Eliot, as a Modernist, baffles his poem in a decayed cityscape, " a drab neighborhood of cheap hotels and restaurants, where Prufrock lives in solitary gloom" (Harlan 265). The experience of Prufrock is set against that of unnamed "women" (13), collectively representing womankind. Their unattainable status is represented by their constant movement- they "come and go"- and their "polite chitchat about Michelangelo, who was a man of bully creative energy, unlike Prufrock" (Harlan 265). We cannot imagine that they would listen to any love song by Prufrock, any more than they would find his name or his person attractive. "A man named J. Alfred Prufrock could hardly be expected to sing a love song he sounds too well dressed" (Berryman 197)."J. Alfred Prufrock" indicates his formality, and his surname, in particular, indicates prudery. The powerful metaphor, a visual image of the "yellow fog" (15) in the fourth stanza, represents the jaundiced environment of the modern city, or Eliots "infernal version of the forest of Arden" (Cervo 227). The image is ambiguous, however, because Eliot in like manner makes it curiously attractive in the precision he uses in comparing the fogs motions to that of a cat who "licked its tongue into the corners of the evening" (17). We likewise hear the fog, disquietingly, in that image, in the onomatopoeia of "licked." Repetition of "time", in the following stanza, shows how the world of Prufrocks being is bound to temporality. "Prufrock speaks to his listeners as if they had come to visit him in some circle of unchanging orchestra pit where time has stopped and all action has become theoretical" (Miller 183). "Time" is repeated, several times, but it is not only its inescapable presence that Eliot is emphasizing, but also the triviality of the ways in which we use it "the taking of a toast and tea" (34).

Mexican Labor Unions and Economic Reforms Over the Past 20 Years Essay

Mexican Labor Unions and Economic Reforms Over the Past 20 YearsINTRODUCTIONSince labor couplings in Mexico were originally formed in the early 1900s, they impart maintained a unique system of collaboration and collusion with the government of Mexico. Though many may refer to their system as one of corruption, it is a system that has become so deeply imbedded in the relationship between labor unions and the government, that it is now a well-understood unofficial network. Over the past 20 years in Mexico, a great deal of hand has been made toward the liberalization of the Mexican markets. Previously government-owned companies have been privatized, foreign investment has boomed, and a once one-party system has just recently produced its first democratically elected opposing party president. But how reformative have the labor unions been to this progress? Generally, labor unions would be one of a societys greatest opponents to such things as privatization, causing many difficu lties to the progress of the economy, however in the case of Mexico, I contend that labor unions have, in fact, been a beneficial component to the progress. The unions have contributed through their collaboration with the government, their suppression of wages, their aid of a balanced governmental system, and their contributions to democracy. Though it cannot be claimed that all of their contributions to the economic development of the past 20 years in Mexico has been positive, it can be claimed that Mexicos unique style of government-labor union coordination has acted in many unusually beneficial ways. LABOR UNION HISTORYUp until 1931, no organized labor union had ever been recognized by the Mexican government. In fact, unde... ...rms in Latin America. Cambridge University Press USAMujica, Jorge Garca. (2002). Situacin Econmica y Prospectos. Resumen para la Sntesis Econmica de Mxico La Ciudad de Mxico.Otero, Rafael. (1999). Effects of Labor Unions on Regional Economic Deve lopment. Ph.D. Dessertation. The Universtiy of Texas-Pan American, Edinburg, TX.Otero, Rafael, and Jos A. Pagan. (2001). Unions and Job Queuing in Mexicos Maquiladoras. Working Paper. The University of Texas-Pan American, Edinburg, TX.Panagides, Alexis and Harry Anthony Patrinos. (1994). Union-Nonunion net Differntials in the Developing World A Case Study of Mexico. The World Bank, Latin America and the Caribbean, Country Dept. Policy Research Working Paper 1269 upper-case letter DCRose-Ackerman, Susan. (1999). Corruption and Government. Cambridge University Press USA

Mexican Labor Unions and Economic Reforms Over the Past 20 Years Essay

Mexican Labor Unions and Economic Reforms Over the Past 20 YearsINTRODUCTIONSince labor fraternitys in Mexico were originally formed in the early 1900s, they have maintained a unique system of collaboration and collusion with the government of Mexico. Though many may refer to their system as one of corruption, it is a system that has become so deeply imbedded in the relationship between labor unions and the government, that it is now a well-understood unofficial network. Over the recent 20 years in Mexico, a great deal of overture has been made toward the liberalization of the Mexican markets. Previously government-owned companies have been privatized, foreign investment has boomed, and a once one-party system has just recently produced its first democratically elected opposing party president. But how helpful have the labor unions been to this progress? Generally, labor unions would be one of a societys greatest opponents to such things as privatization, causing many difficu lties to the progress of the economy, however in the drive of Mexico, I contend that labor unions have, in fact, been a beneficial component to the progress. The unions have contributed through their collaboration with the government, their suppression of wages, their maintenance of a balanced governmental system, and their contributions to democracy. Though it cannot be claimed that all of their contributions to the economic development of the past 20 years in Mexico has been positive, it can be claimed that Mexicos unique style of government-labor union coordination has acted in many unusually beneficial ways. LABOR UNION HISTORYUp until 1931, no organized labor union had ever been recognized by the Mexican government. In fact, unde... ...rms in Latin America. Cambridge University call forth USAMujica, Jorge Garca. (2002). Situacin Econmica y Prospectos. Resumen para la Sntesis Econmica de Mxico La Ciudad de Mxico.Otero, Rafael. (1999). Effects of Labor Unions on Regiona l Economic Development. Ph.D. Dessertation. The Universtiy of Texas-Pan American, Edinburg, TX.Otero, Rafael, and Jos A. Pagan. (2001). Unions and Job Queuing in Mexicos Maquiladoras. Working Paper. The University of Texas-Pan American, Edinburg, TX.Panagides, Alexis and Harry Anthony Patrinos. (1994). Union-Nonunion Wage Differntials in the Developing demesne A Case Study of Mexico. The World Bank, Latin America and the Caribbean, Country Dept. Policy Research Working Paper 1269 Washington DCRose-Ackerman, Susan. (1999). Corruption and Government. Cambridge University Press USA

Cisco Systems: New Millenium †New acquisition strategy Essay

The case deals with the acquisition policy implemented by Cisco, by giving some real samples. The most interesting commit concerns the counsel Cisco acquired companies during 90s with 4 main(prenominal) goals a shargond vision, shareholders satisfaction, motivating value added for employees, shareholders, customers and partners and a perfect chemistry (P.9).Contrary to the global trend of long companies acquisition, Cisco was involved in smaller companies, based on selection criteria (presented below) which fit the companys needs and strategy * Small companies the advantage is that those companies are start-ups coming with new disruptive Ideas highly complementary with Ciscos wrinklees. * Limited number of employees (but engineers as the queen-size part of them) Cisco gives a coarse importance to skilled peck, because as they say, those people are the real asset which permits to increase future market shares, So people retention becomes one of acquisitions main goals (succes s driven by a very low turnover compared with the industry).* Very entrepreneurial systems focused on fast growing the need to grow by forming part of Cisco is one of the motivating arguments to have win-win negotiations. On the other hand, this kind of companies is not risk adverse and promises future benefits to their owners. * Geographical proximity for large acquisitions, it permits to shorten lost time and get directly to the real acquisitions implementation in order to share the distribution channels (cost reduction) and apply the new product earlier. * Comparable cultures and visions since acquisition leads to the integration of the acquired company to the group, it is necessary to have the same vision of the future strategy and cultures which can be integrate to obtain a coherent unit.Last, the companys strength resides in its ability to decentralize decision making by creating a new business unit at each acquisition, because the acquired company is considered as a master in its domain. This system permits to make acquired company feel independent in the way it is managed (less change management to be processed).Cisco represents a benchmark as acquirer for the entrepreneurial firms which aim to be acquired because it proposes several advantages in terms of independency, people treatment, product valorization and so on, which form part of the most important criteria for acquisition. Moreover, in the last decade, it increased its attractiveness based on the personalized treatment provided to the new joiners and the restructuration by type of technology which makes economies of scale and allows people to share their knowledge with their previous internal competitors and increase their skills.So, in terms of win-win relationship, Cisco acquisition archetype can be a basis of comparison for any potential acquired company.

Globalisation of Higher Education Essay

The term globalization means integration of economies and societies finished cross country f imprint of checking, ideas, technologies, goods, services, enceinte, pay and people. globalisation is a a notwithstanding, which has affected valety a(prenominal) atomic number 18as of human life, one and only(a) of those universe culture. The centre of globalization on fosterage bring rapid developments in technology and communications are foreseeing swaps within attainment system across the land as ideas, values and familiarity, changing the business offices of students and teachers, and producing a shift in society from industrialization towards an nformation- based society.Globalization has a multi- dimensional impact on the system of development. It call downs peeled tools and techniques in this area like E- Learning, flexible divulgeing, distance education programs and overseas training. The globalization of education is pliant novel children of a country in to global citizens with a broad range of skills and knowledge to apply to a competitive information based society. Globalization excessively facilitates internationalistic collaboration and cross- cultural exchange. Globalization of higher(prenominal)(prenominal) education is a major concern for all in all societies.As the prerequisite driving force of economic, social and human development, education is at the heart of the change that is dramatically affecting our manhood in the areas of science, technology, economic and culture. This paper will analyze the positive and negative impact of globalization on high education for developing countries. Effective education system is the foundation of opportunities to lead a decent life. One should ensure that all Children should stir adequate access to education at all income level. The paper argues that education is a core element of society.The basic cause of global difference is due to the difference in opportunities in education between unlike countries. population can only contribute and benefit from globalization if they are endue with knowledge, skills, and values and with the capabilities and rights needed to pursue their basic likelihoods. The accuracy of the analysis is dependent upon the accuracy of the data reported by various people of the country. The result of this field of operations will help all the sectors of the society to understand better, the culture, values and education system of other countries and facilitates its adoption.Educators can also use this result to bring the changes in their areas if necessary. Introduction The term Globalization represents the international system that is shaping most societies today. Globalization is a process by which umpteen areas of human life much(prenominal) as economies, societies, politics, business and cultures arrest been affected around the world. One of these areas being education. The term globalization means integration of economies an d societies through cross country flows of information, ideas, technologies, goods, services, capital, finance and people.It s characterized by an accelerated flow of trade, capital and information as well as mobility of indivi triples, across geographical borders. It reflect comprehensive level of interaction than that has occurred in the past, suggesting something beyond the work international. Globalization means more competition, not just with other companies or institutions in the same city or the same region. Globalization also means that national borders do not limit a nations investment, production, innovation and education. Therefore, the term globalization has get a lined some emotive commutations.At one extreme, globalization is seen as an irresistible and benign force for delivering economic prosperity to people throughout the world. At the other, it is blamed as a source of all contemporary ills. However, darn the theory of globalization is relatively new, the proce ss is not. Roberson (1992) further states that globalization was initially discussed from economic perspectives, but in short after it became a topic for discussions among intellectuals from cultural perspectives as well. According to Giddens Globalization the dialectic of homogenization and heterogenization (1991. p22).In other words, globalization, by intensifying the interconnectedness among different people, things and ideas, homogenizes the world and yet at the same cadence, the world becomes heterogenized as people are more aware of differences due to the increasing proximity with differences under a globalize world (Giddens, 1991 ). The notion of the world community being transformed into a global village, as take ind in 1960 by Marshall Mc Luhan in an influential book about her newly shared experience of mass media, was likely to be the first expression of the contemporary concept of globalization. Cited in Epstein, 2002). subsequently 1980, accounts of globalization focus ed on a professed tendency of societies to converge in becoming modern, described initially by Clark Kerr and colleagues as the emergence of industrial man (cited in Robertson, 1992). One critical print that emerges from all of these restructuring processes is the central role of Knowledge, education and education for the success of the Global Information Society (GIS) and global information deli actually. Globalization impacts all aspects of society. Higher education may and business contents seem particularly influenced by them.In the twentieth century, may developing countries look at xperienced growth in the educational facilities purchasable to them due to the entry of institution from the west. Some believe that this process is an invaluable opportunity for the people of the developing counties to annex their skills and standard of education. Other fear that it is merely a modern version of cultural imperialism that will lead to the creation of a universal, ultimately w estward society. People can only contribute and benefit from globalization if they endowed with knowledge, skills and with capabilities and rights needed to pursue their basic livelihoods.They need employment and incomes, and a healthy environment. These are the inhering conditions with empower them to participate fully as citizens in their local, national and global communities. fosterage is a major concern for all societies. As the foundation and essential driving force of economic, social and human development, education is at the heart of the change that is dramatically affecting our world in the areas of science, technology, economics and culture. Steven Schwartz (http// www. Ssn.. flinders. edu. u) believed that Education, where possible, hould be interconnected into the private sector because higher education is increasingly and international enterprise and thus will increasingly be pressured and drawn into deregulation and privatization. This paper analyses the chip of globalization on higher education and also discusses about the impact of globalization on higher education, various opportunities and challenges on the society. Impact of Globalization of Higher Education. Education is undergoing constant changes under the effects of globalization.The effects of Globalization on education bring rapid developments in technology and communications are oreseeing changes with in school system across the world as ideas, values and knowledge, changing the role of students and teachers, and producing a shift in society from industrialization towards and information- based society. It reflects the effect on culture and brings about a new form of cultural imperialism. It brings rapid development in technology and communications are foreseeing changes within school system across the world as ideas, values and knowledge.The rise of a global society, driven by technology and communication development are shaping hildren, the future citizens of the world into global citizens, intelligent people with a broad range of skills and knowledge to apply to a competitive. , information based society. The future of countries lots lies with in their ability to compete in a global market where industrial based economies are giving way to knowledge based industries, realizing the greatness of knowledge skills and the intellectual capacity to meet the challenges of accelerated change and uncertainty.Education is becoming a lifelong learning and training process, developing ransferable skills and knowledge that can be applied to competitive markets where knowledge and information is being trades as a commodity. Although globalization seems to be unavoidable to many counties and numerous endeavor and efforts have been made to adapt to it with aims at taking the opportunities created from it to develop their societies and people, in recent years in that respect are also increasing international concerns with the chanceful impacts of globalization on digenous and national developments.Various social movements have been initiated against the threats of globalization particularly in eveloping countries. The negative impacts of globalization include various types of economic, political, and cultural village by advanced countries on those developing and under- developed countries. In evitable, how to maximize the opportunities and benefits from globalization to support local developments and reduce the threats and negative impacts of globalization will be the major concerns of developing countries.Opportunities of globalization of higher education Knowledge is the driving forces in the rapidly changing globalize economy and society. Quantity nd note of specialized human resources determine their competence in the global market. Emergence of knowledge results in some(prenominal) challenges and opportunities. It is well known that the growth of the global economy has increased opportunities for those countries with good levels of education. Globalization has a multi-dimensional impact on the system of education.It promotes new tools and techniques in these areas like- E- learning, flexible learning, distance educational programme and overseas training. The adit of technology into the classroom is changing the nature f delivering education to the students is gradually giving way to a new form of electronic literacy , more programs and education materials are made available in electronic form. Teachers are preparing canes in the electronic form and even students are presenting assignments and giving papers in the electronic form.The blackboards have been replaced by the LCDs. The chalk has been replaced by the pointers and the power point presentations. Books have been replaced by compact discs. til now grades and the exams are gradually becoming available through electronic means and notebooks are replaced by laptops. Now the students do not have to carry lowering bags to the classrooms. Even the students can be examined through computer managed learning system and do tutorials exercises on a computer rather than in the classroom.Even, the technology has sendn the opportunity to deliver the material through electronic source i. e. via power point presentation and even the notes can be distributed to the students via electronic mail. With such changes and the emergence of video conferencing and the internet, the barriers of distance are being broken down at a rapid rate, due to the key aspect of globalization. Students and adults or in other works each and every soul can now learn in variety of ways and there is no longer any need to be physically present in the education institutions in order to learn.The material is becoming readily available over internet, through video conferencing and tape recordings. Teacher can deliver the lecture to the whole class with the help of video conferencing without being physically present in the class. Now, the student of can get the education fr om any part of the world without traveling over there. The person can stay in his /her own country and et the education of which country he/ she wishes without going over there. Students can learn any time and at any place.Anyone can maintain libraries of texts, images computer software and other forms of data, anywhere at any time. The rapid growth of telly services, with their immense influence as media of mass communication, has been very relevant in the proficient shift. Other larger contribution to this shift includes the transistor and space satellites. talk and information based technology over the years is the internet. This is a massive network of computers located hroughout the world.Developments in the delivery of education is allowing for individuals to explore new areas of learning and thinking that could not be done with pen and paper. They are discovering knowledge through inquiry and experimentation rather than memorizing facts in a teacher reign classroom settin g. Another opportunity of international trade leads to allocation of resources that is consistent with comparative advantage. Globalization results in specialization which enhances productivity.Thus, the international trade, in general, is beneficial and that suppressive trade practices impede rowth. Thats why many off the emerging economies, which originally depended on a growth model of import substitution, have move over to a policy of outward orientation. Globalization of higher eduction also gives the opportunity in movement of capital. bully is a key factor of production. Capital flows across countries have played an important role in enhancing the production base. Without capital any type of economic activity is not possible.Capital mobility enables the center saving of the world to be distributed among countries which have the highest investment potential. Emergence of strong capital market has been one of the important features of the current process of globalization c harm the growth in capital and immaterial exchange markets have facilitated the transfer of resources across borders, the gross turnover in foreign exchange markets has been extremely large. The internationalization of higher education can be linked to various internal and external changes in the international system.Externally, there have been changes in the labor market, which have resulted in calls for more knowledge and skilled workers and workers with deeper nderstandings of languages, cultures and business methods from all over the world. Modern education is almost exclusively focused on preparing children for an urban future. Challenges of globalization of higher education No doubts, higher education has attained a key position in the knowledge society under globalize economy. However, the challenges face are immense and far- reaching.Its impact on the clientele via, individuals, institutions, systems and societies are not only not clear but also not comprprehentible at th is moment unless it is viewed in the context of various other factors that re simultaneously operating on the higher education system. Some agrees that the rapid cross national flows of people, goods , capital and information may dissolve the nation states, push institutions( university is the one) into a common mould where as others disagree.It is assumed that globalization promises dramatic and rewarding change to the higher education system, of societies, which are relatively stable in their political, social and institutional make up, while for the will performing higher education system. It is also line up that globalization has given the dvanced economies a huge advantage as they had made enough preparation prior to its launching while others are caught in the dugout without any preparation.Integration into world economy todays implies not only mastery of traditional knowledge but also the capacity to acquire the new skills required by a knowledge society. It is therefore ev ident that an unequal sharing of the new communication and information technologies only serves to reinforce animated inequalities. While education deficits are obviously greater in developing countries, this is a major issue in developed countries as well. In many industrialized countries there is a persistent problem of illiteracy and low skills, which is and important source of social exclusion.Unequal access to education also fuels evolution wage ine prize and worsen the income distribution. The uneducated and unskilled in industrialized counties face sever disadvantage in an increasingly competitive global market. However, the proviso of both primary and secondary schooling increased during the 90s across the globe, but progress is inadequate and hides the differences between counties and regions. There are many evidences that the more rapid progress is possible if the political will nd the resources exists, in high and low income countries alike.The increase in poverty in t he world is the most tragic phenomenon in this era of abundance. It is the cause of marginal and the exclusion of increasingly bigger groups of the world population and in particular, affects children, the young and women. As a consequence, we see the development of cultures of poverty and marginalization that lock the same people into the cycle of poverty and reinforce their exclusion. But it is still the inequality with regards to knowledge that constitutes one of the biggest challenges of our societies.The traditional raw materials and non renewable natural resources under threat of extinction no longer occupy the most important place in the process of production and development . It is knowledge in itself that has become one of the key resources of economic growth. The introduction of technology is also becoming a challenge to the society. As the implementation of technology and communication to be successful and to educate a society, both the students and teachers need to be te chnologically literate.Communication technology is biding new challenges for students of all abilities as they can discuss issues of concern with heir fellow students from around the world. A shift in education is becoming evident where more responsibility is being placed on the individual for his or her learning, instead of solely on the teacher. Subsequently, the teachers themselves also need to be highly technologically literate, needing the competence and confidence to prepare students for a global information society.Just because of technology and communication seems to be creating in human life between the haves and the have nots resulting in a bifurcated society of those who can afford such information technology and those who cant. so too does globalization. While education institutions in western societies are embracing technology, developing countries are once again left behind, too weak and fragile to implement development programs for education, let alone introduce tech nology as well. There are severe limitations in delivering basic services.A lack of infrastructure and funding makes it difficult to implement any technological and communication advancements. However, despite differences in economy, political, cultures and society, second and third worlds have adopted educational ideals from western thought and are anxious to appear odern and therefore promote education as a symbol of modernity and development to their own population and the foreign countries. The spread of education internationally, as a result of globalization, has distinctly had effects on Cultures worldwide.Now the sources of wealth come from knowledge and communication instead of natural resources and physical labour, which once characterized the United States as a n industrial society. This is a global rather than a national economy. The new economy puts a premium on intellectual capital and the people who produce it. This means that the demand for igher education is expand ing dramatically. Education is needed throughout a lifetime, and the marketplace for that education is international. This growth makes education appealing to the private sector. Educational institutions have reacted by becoming more market oriented.Due to this increasing free trade around the globe- to end protection in many sectors so that there is more competition and privatization, education is increasingly being drawn into this global capitalist competition. The internationalization of education has become one of the key themes of ducational policy and mean in the 1990s and the integration of worldwide capital and labour markets educators are being forced to respond to a new set of challenges. The demographics of higher education have changed substantially. Less than one fifth of todays college students meet the traditional stereotype of attending school full time.For the new majority of students, higher education is not as central to their lives as it was for previous generat ions of students. Research shows they want a very different relationship with their college than students have historically had. They are unwilling to pay for activities and services they do not use. Higher education is being subjected to greater criticism than in the past on issues varying from low productivity and higher cost to the quality of leadership and the inadequacy of technology use. This is an invitation to a private sector that rightly or wrongly sees higher education as the next health care industry.Another challenge is of currency trade. Currency trade has become an end in itself. However, the volatility in the foreign exchange has created often times panic situations. The most recent xample of this was the East Asian crisis. Contagion of financial crises is a worrying phenomenon. When one country faces a crisis, it affects others. It is not as if financial crises are solely caused by foreign exchange traders. Another, major concern is to deliver world class education with updated plan and practical exposure. This is possible only by attracting talented and experienced persons in to academics.At present it is difficult to assess not only the nature and dimensions of globalization, but also what it means to the field of education. A few educational researchers have attempted to made onnections between the several dimensions of globalization and the policies of education. Globalization of Higher Education in India India is also following the global phenomenon. As part of globalization, the economic reform packages were introduced in India in the beginning of 1991. These reform packages imposed a heavy compression on the public budgets on education sector, more specifically so on higher education.This has trickled down to public expenditure on education in general, and higher education in particular. Indian government and Indian corporate sector has recognized the importance of management ducation in the ganging global scenario. now under the refo rming economic conditions, integration of the Indian economy with world economy presupposes efficiency and competitiveness in the domestic front as well as in the international arena. As the process of globalization is technology-driven, and knowledge driven, the very success of economic reform policies critically depends upon the competence of human capital.But, what is observed is the reverse. Even within the education sector, relative priority assigned to higher education has been on the decline. It is to be realized that higher education institutions lay an important role insetting the academic standard for primary and secondary education. They are also responsible for not only providing the specialized human capital in order to quoin the gains from globalization, but also for training inside the country, provide policy advice, etc.Globalization is expected to have a positive influence on the volume, quality an spread of knowledge through increased interaction among the various states. Today our education system is strong enough but central and state governments should change their roles with in the education system, re- inventing them as facilitating supervisory rganizations. Teacher training, infrastructure and syllabuses need to be urgently upgraded. Industry should come forward to share experience with students and to offer more opportunities for live projects.Commercial institutions offering specialized education have come up everywhere. In view of globalization many corporate universities, both foreign and Indian, are encroaching upon our government institutions. Our Institutes like IIMS and IITS have produced world class professionals. These institutes imparts quality education as per industry expectations and give due importance to institute Industry interface. Under the new scenario, Government Private partnership is becoming important in Management Education. Now India is a transforming country. We are near to achieve status of developed nation .The demand for higher education has been growing rapidly with comparatively faster growth in instrument in higher educational institutions than the growth in number of higher educational institutions. The growth rates are doubled among the students enrolled in post- graduate and research, while the number of institutions for post graduate and research studies has grown at a slower rate in 1990s than in 1980s. India is witnessing new era in the field of Management Education. Many Corporate groups like Reliance, Nirma, Tata, Sterlite etc have promoted Management Institutes.Some reputed foreign universities are also coming to India. But government should issue some guidelines so that fees structure remains with in certain limit and those who are from economically poor background have same opportunity. Conclusion Globalization has had many obvious effects on educational technology and communication systems change the way education is delivered as well as roles played by both teachers and tudents. The development of this technology is facilitating the transition from an industrial based society to an information-based one.At the same time, there is a dark side to globalization and to the very openness of the new information systems. While the richest countries grow richer, the poor are becoming poorer. Income, information and education gaps between the rich and the poor are sidetrack not narrowing economic crises, trade imbalances and structural adjustments have precipitated a moral crisis in many countries, tearing the basic social and ultural fabric of many families and communities apart, resulting in increasing youth unemployment , suicide, violence, racism and drug abuse and anti social behavior form schools.In the 21st century, education systems face the dual challenge of equipping students with the new knowledge, skills and values needed to be competitive in a global market while at the same time producing graduates who are responsible adults, good citizen s both of their country and of the world. Thus, globalization challenges us to rethink not only how much education is needed but also its ultimate purposes.

Planning marketing activities Essay

Conduct a situation digest for your institution, or an brass section you claim researched, by preparing a report with the following sections Organizational analysisThe root comp iodinent is the expansion of the gaming audience and drawing in unfermented people. The follows most recent endeavour, the Wii console has been very successful in attracting user who traditionally would not have played video games. Another modeling of how they have expanded their audience is through with(predicate) the Nintendo DS. They were able to appeal to the female audience through the Nintendos game, and were able to appeal to an older audience through the Brain Training game. The second component of the vision is devotion to the entertainment business. This is reflected by the familys attitude to the collaboration of its employees. The comp whatever is a powerful advocate of allowing divergent employee groups, such(prenominal) as engineers and programmers. The result of this collaboration i s that groups work on products and no single person takes credit for product. The third aspect of the follows vision is risk and the encouraging of employees to make creative decisions to challenge the notion of what a video game is capable of being.Customer analysis strike the major guest segments by preparing the following analysis (for each complete only the section relevant to your organization and add any others you feel argon relevant). What does the customer buy from theorganization?Demographic characteristicsa) Ageb) Genderc) IncomeWhere does the customer come from?a) Localb) Regionalc) NationalPsychographic characteristicsa) Social classb) Lifestylec) setBenefits are sought by the customera) Safetyb) Performancec) Aestheticsd) SocialHas the customer purchased the product from the organization before? a) Yesb) NoHow frequently does the customer buy?a) Dailyb) Weeklyc) MonthlyHow much does the customer buy each time?New forfeitsIs the customer loyal to the brand?YesHow do es the customer check which brand to buy?For technology and HistoryWhere does the customer prefer to purchase the product or service? Retail StoreCompetitor analysis dismember each major competitor against the following criteria. Name of competit-orCurrent or potential competit-or target or indirect competit-orProduct/service offeringsMarket scene/brand imageSize, developing and food market shareCompeti-tive advantageBrand image and market positionXboxCurrentDirectGames28%connectivityOnline gamesSonyCurrentDirectGames33%ResolutionState-of-art graphicsAppleCurrentIndirectTablets & iPhones3%Integrated w/ mobilePractical & usefulPolitical analysisFilibustercartoons.com subject that Nintendos previously had unappeasable policy in relation to video game strength and sexual reference. In the early 1990s Nintendo had a strict no blood policy and refused to publish violent video games. This policy has since been relaxed and video game censorship is promptly run by independent boards which turn in games appropriate age rating depending on their content. These include The Pan-European Game Information (PEGI) age rating system. The system was established in 2003 to guide parents in devising informed decisions when purchasing video games for their children (Pan European Game Information, 2007). Nintendo still does not publish graphical violent games themselves, but allow third party publishers to release the games on their systems.Economic analysisIf a countrys economy is performing well, people will generally have a higher train of disposal income. In order to be successful a high disposal income is not enough there needs to be an interest in the market. Nintendo selling their products at the lower end of the price scale makes their product affordable to large audience including those who do not enjoy a immobile disposal income. This is not the case for Sony who products tend to be quite expensive as seen with the 630 price tag on the Playstation 3, which is possibly too expensive for the modal(a) person. Nintendo on the other hand, sold the Wii at a more affordable 270 price tag. The same applies for the games for the system. The Wii games range from 45-60 Euro and the PS3 games can cost up to 75.Social analysisVideo games have been part of adolescent life world long now for several years. Many teenagers play video games together both online and at home together. In some cultures especially Japan, video games formed a significant part of young peoples lives. Nintendo is using this to appeal to a wider audience with the Wii and the DS by providing an online community where friends can link up and play games together free of charge anywhere there a Wi-Fi hub. Nintendo is withal trying to make video games an activity that an entire family can take part in and for the most part have beensuccessful.Technological analysis vane Browser for the Nintendo DS InternetAdSales.com (2006) writes that a Wed browser for Nintendos DS was launched in Europe on 6th October 2006. The browser is powered by packet from the Opera Company. The device is designed in a similar fashion to a standard DS game cartridge and is available in twain versions one is compatible with the classic Nintendo DS and the other is designed for the smaller DS Lite. The browser utilises the DSs two screens for navigating the web in appurtenance to providing the touch capabilities unique to the DS. Users may access the Internet via radio set networks at home, at one of Nintendos free Wi-Fi Connection Hotspots, or at any public access hotspot.Wii Remote (Wiimote) BBC (2006) states that the remote for Nintendos Wii console resembles a television remote control and provides users with the means of interacting with a game environment. It can be utilised to stab like a sword, steer like the steering wheel of a car, and swing like a tennis racket. Nintendo have created this new controller in the hope that it will allow for the broadening of the consoles appe al. The device functions through a three-axis accelerometer, i.e. a motion sensor, which is capable of spotting the angle at which the controller is being held at and how fast it is being moved. It interfaces with the Wii console in a wireless manner via Bluetooth, a short-range wireless technology. This interface is achieved through a senor bar, which is generally mounted on top of the users television.Nintendo DS Wireless Technology Mobile Technology News.com (2007) writes nigh how the Nintendo DS allows users to interact with games in an unprecedented way via the dual screens and touch screen technology. In addition to this, the wireless technology feature of the DS permits users to stimulate real-time multiplayer gaming. The Nintendo Wi-Fi Connection service, which is free, allows users to compete against other users from around the world.SWOT analysisComplete a SWOT analysis using the diagram below native analysisSTRENGTHS Strong network of game licensees Strong global marke t position Had strict policy in relation to video game violence and sexual reference Innovation in Remote in Blu-rayWEAKNESSES Nintendos policy of having a large number of its game titles designed by the companys own game designers Wii doesnt play DVDs/Blu-raysExternal analysisOPPORTUNITIES Opening up its software to a wider audience.THREATS The company claims that the motion-sensitive controller can be copied. The Wii controller resembles a television remote and has a trigger under the front end.Market analysisMarket definitionMarket size and growth rate.Nintendos contenders in the portable market are the Game boy and the DS. Over the years, the Game Boy has faced competition from companies such as Sega, Atari, SNK, Bandai, Nokia and now Sony. Even with rivals apparatuss been technically superior, Nintendos handhelds have come out on top time and time again. Nintendo proved with the Game Boy and now the DS that it is not what you have it is how you use it that counts i.e. inst ead of adding fancy graphics and numbers of additional unnecessary features, Nintendo spent its time securing key franchises such as pokemon and Tetris. They also greatly increased their machines battery life. Nintendos handheldsover the years have boasted battery life of up to 15 hours depending on how the machine was used compared to 3 hours or less form Segas and Ataris machines. This was due to the unnecessary battery hogging feature competitors machine featured. This has helped Nintendo dominate the portable market for close to 18 years. Today the Nintendo DS out sells the Sony PSP in all regions.Part B1. Prepare a report analyzing the marketing activities, policies and procedures of your organization or an organization you have researched.PriceThe price of games is quite interesting. Nintendo uses a series of pricing strategies throughout the product life. As the product becomes adopted they will start out to reduce the price of competitive parity, and as you reach the end o f their life cycle games will be priced promotionally until they hit the bargain bucket.PlaceThe product is distributed in a number of ways. Nintendo manufactures and distribute it to retailers through wholesalers for you. Some very large national accounts will be handled directly because of the huge volumes they buy. Nintendo is available on the street in all major electrical retailers and games, as well as being sold online by known retailers like Amazon.com and play.com, and you can find one or two second-hand bargains on eBay. with.Distribution is ripe for Nintendo and there are few avenues for the market they do not pursue.PromotionWhen Nintendo launches new products. For example, when the company launched the Nintendo 3DS, a series of special days of release, and even some launch events at midnight. Fans of Nintendo product has a chance to have a go at the new Nintendo system, first buyers get a free box of transportation, and there is endlessly free gifts such as shirts and caps. The launch campaign demonstrates a great effort by Nintendo. For example, over 85% of audiencein the UK saw the Nintendo 3DS called campaign believe his eyes. The campaign itself was emphasize the benefits of 3D make out. The campaign was a mash up of consumers who experience the product and innovative advertising.2. Analyze the previous marketing activities of the organization and evaluate the effectiveness of each activity. Previous marketing activityEffectivenessLaunch of SuperNintendo extremely effective. It put Nintendo in the first positions of videogame console makers Launch of Nintendo 64Highly effective. The console and its control were considered great variations. Launch of Nintendo WiiHighly effective. Nintendo Wii was a true innovation in the world of games with its blu-ray technology and the idea of making people move their bodies rather than just their fingers. Launch of Nintendo DS / DS 3DEffective. Nintendo DS was seen by some as a reformulation of the previ ous GameBoy and therefore not so effective. However, Nintendo DS 3D was considered highly innovative as it allowed the users to enjoy the 3D effectuate without having to use any other gadgets (i.e 3D glasses). Intercommunication among Nintendo DS 3DEffective. It allowed different users to connect their videogames and share data as well as interact.3. Classify the organizations current marketing strategy as either a cost-drawing cardship, differentiation or focus strategy.Differentiation4. Explain how this strategy affects the marketing activities the organization will use in the future.Instead of competing for lower prices, Nintendo seems to continuously searchfor new usages and technologies, in order to maintain its position as a leader and innovator.5. Analyze the current marketing mix.Marketing mix elementAnalysisProductFeatureBenefit/sWii ConsoleIn two different colors (but it can be customized if wanted)Smaller than its competitorsConsidered fashionableWii RemoteBlu-ray techno logyIt allows motions and real activityGamesNo violence or sex-related topics are allowedA wide range of choicesPricePrices charged for the organizations products and services Around AU$190.00Organizations prices strategyNintendos strategy is in differentiation, always trying to bring something new for their costumers and therefore, their price strategy conveys with it. PromotionPromotional tools used by the organizationInternet, Printed media, Television, Outdoor Media, Promotions and Events,etc.Organizations promotional strategyNintendo uses all range of media to promote their products.PlacementType of distribution channel direct or indirectMainly indirect, via retailers, shops, department stores, etc.

Nursing Research

?INTRODUCTION breast feeding interrogation is a systematic attend by which admits whitethorn used to bear or refine exist knowledge and to explore new ideas about unloosens related to treat exercise (Borbasi, Jackson, & Langford, 2008). It falls largely into two atomic number 18as, namely qualitative look into and Quantitative look into whereby qualitative explore is establish on the model of phenomenology, grounded theory, and ethnography and examines the populate of those receiving or delivering nursing like.The search orders most ballparkly used in qualitative research are interviews, case studies, and ethnography. On the some otherwisewise hand, quantitative research is based in the paradigm of logical logical positivism and is focused upon results for clients that are measurable, generally using statistics gathered from a survey questionnaire method of research (Parahoo, 1997). The objective of this nursing research assignment is to distinguish the determ ine tether pieces of nursing research with a common issue that is germane(predicate) to my current clinical project.The five phases of the research lick allow be outlined and discussed the findings of the researchers by providing examples from each orbit. For purposes of this assignment, the research topic which I want to examine is abject hygienics and failure to occur transmission system system deem practices, contributing to the circularise of nosocomial genetic diseases especially those caused by antibiotic-resistant accomplish of bacteria such(prenominal) as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in a clinical setting.The utter topic was chosen because it has been discovered during my clinical experience, that most of the time doctors, nurses, and other health professionals does non adhere to the implementation of quick guidelines pertinent to infection measure and simplicity practices maybe repayable to excessive workload and rapid emplo yee turnover interval of patient roles but n onetheless, that is non an excuse. Further, the emergence of antibiotic resistance is chiefly ascribable to excessive and practically uncalled-for use of antibiotics to patients (Gould, 2008).Risk factor for the counterpane of resistant bacteria in hospitals tail be summarized as congestion and lapses in hygiene or poor infection aver practices (Gopal Rao, 1998). The tercet place nursing research words relates to my current clinical experience wherein a common problem was determined specifically enumerating the factors for the strewing of health care-associated infections (HCAIs) such as MRSA and providing some remedies to prevent and mold the transmission of such infections.Problems set in relation to my clinical experience. Based on previous studies it was find that the mode of transmission of micro -organisms in a healthcare setting include direct and indirect contact, consumption or droplet, waterborne or luggage c ompartment fluid send off, foodborne, and sexual activity (Gould, 2008). The problems related to my clinical experience are poor hygiene and non-adherence to infection control guidelines by nursing module and other health professionals.Hence, it appears that infection control was non appropriately managed in a healthcare setting. In my clinical experience it was detect that most of the doctors and nurses do non wear disposable gloves and disposable proscenium wall during their visit to different patients especially for those patients who are in isolation inhabit afflicted with different kinds of disease. This observation can be illustrated when a patient was admitted in the ward and lodged in an isolation room because the patient is MRSA positive.The doctor bring out into the patients room to do some health check assessment and most of the time doctor tend to forget to wear protective accommodate before conducted clinical assessments, despite the chance on or sign posted in front of the patients room being an isolated area. Upon conducting the medical checkup assessment on a patient who is MRSA positive, the doctor did not wash his hands instead continued his job by conducting medical check up on the other patients who are not in isolation area. In addition, nurses also tend to forget to follow infection control ractices. They failed to understand the train of infection control, for example an E. coli, which is considered as an infection agent found in the large intestine of human form the greater part of the normal enteric flora. Its port of exit is via faeces. The nurse take the contaminated linen from the bed. The E. coli contaminated the hands of the nurse who and so reard care to some other patient without hand washing. The routine patient has a foley catheter. The nurse manipulated the catheter tubing, the E. oli in the nurses hands contaminated the catheter tubing and ascending to the patients urinary tract and then into the bladder. The susceptible host, who is the second patient with the foley catheter is an venerable and had a chronic illness necessitating complete bed rest. The foley catheter contaminated by the E. coli organism provided a direct route into the urinary bladder causing the transmission of the infection from one patient to another. The most common mode of transmission of infection is by direct contact, often on the hands of health histrions.This is the agency that most HCAIs are spread and explains why hand washing is emphasized as the most important stylus of breaking the chain of infection (Gould, 2008). Moreover, nurses were observed roaming around in the ward corridor wearing the disposable gloves and disposable gowns after providing nursing care to patients who are in isolation room. These actuations probe that nurses should have go on learning on the implementation of infection control practices to avoid cross-infection and transmission of contagious diseases among patients.The ess ence of public health is taking sensible measures to prevent problems in the future. Good infection control in firsthand care has the potential to prevent grave consequences for patients. Nurses in primary care should play a all-important(a) role in ensuring cleanliness, infection control practices and adhere to guidelines in this important area (Gould, 2008). Five phases of the research process The nursing research process contains an clean series of phases or steps that outline the key points of research understand.Research name has both qualitative and quantitative research method to die and resolve the issues pertinent to the specific topic (Borbasi, et al. , 2008). The first phase of nursing research is to conceive the lease by identifying the issue or problem to be canvas germane(predicate) to the interest of the researcher that will include the goal of the study, revue of literature, organic evolution of theoretical simulation, and the formulation of research hy pothesis (Borbasi, et al. , 2008).Literature review serves to arrogate the current study into the context of what is already known about the phenomenon (Parahoo, 1997). The three set nursing research were conceived due to the following problems In clause one entitled Plastic apron wear during direct patient care, the researchers utter the problem as inconsistent practice in apron use by nurses in healthcare setting (Candlin & Stark, 2005). In this study an expansion of the general themes and concentration of the main report is granted and the reader is able to make for extract about the relevance of the bind for the purpose.The identified problem in article two entitled controlling the peril of MRSA infection cover charge and isolate patients stated that there is a need to minimize the spread of antibiotic resistant infection through screening and isolating patients (Bissett, 2005). For article three, entitled bed business, turnover interval and MRSA rates in Northern Irel and, the researchers identified the problem as the increasing rate of MRSA infection in the healthcare setting. relative thereto, the aim of the study is to ascertain the relationship between bed percentage occupancy and MRSA patient episode rates (Cunningham, kernohan & Rush, 2006).In the review of literature, the researchers of the three articles analyses the literatures from different sources such as Cinahl, Medline and Pubmed (Bissett, 2005), to help in the development of theoretical framework to explain or predict study outcomes (Borbasi, et al. , 2008). In article three the researchers develop theoretical framework to explain their findings by using the collected data from different sources. The second phase of nursing research is to object the study whereby the methodology for the conduct of research was identified (Borbasi, et al. , 2008).It includes the process of data allurement, whereby article three is an example of quantitative method of research wherein the research ers gathered the necessary data from annual reports and hospital statistics. In article one, the researchers collected the development and data requisite in their study from 15 journal articles which are relevant to their topic that contribute to the credibility of the outcome of the study and this is a representation of a qualitative method of research as the researchers analyses previous case studies relevant to their topic (Candlin & Stark, 2005).Further, article two was identified as a quantitative study and clearly outlined the research question to be answered (Bissett, 2005). The conduct of the study is the third phase of nursing research and ethics is part of phase 3 of the nursing process. It is an important part of nursing research and it is an area in which the health professional is involved day by day particularly in providing care to patients. Issues relating to the study, design, recruitment of participants, feedback and data collection methods are subject to scrut iny of a departmental ethics committee and approval should be obtained.Consent was secured from the sharpen participants by the researchers in support to their study (Borbasi, et al. , 2008). Phase 3 includes the actual data collection pertinent to the study. In article one, the researchers evaluated and analyses the information and data gathered from the documents. They separated the data into three categories in order to accurately determine and interpret their findings (Candlin & Stark, 2005).Records destine that the researchers of the three identified nursing research sought the approval of an institutional ethics committee prior to the conduct of their respective studies. However, such approval was not acknowledged in the content of their studies. The three nursing research studies encountered some bounds, which affect the validity of the outcome of their studies. For example, in article one and three, the researchers identified their method of data analysis as their limitat ion in the conduct of their studies.Candlin & Stark (2005) stressed that the documentary analysis in their study have limited usable data, which are incomplete, inaccurate and has inherent biases, bandage the researcher in article two explained that by using survey questionnaire in the data collection does not guarantee that the target participants will provide honest and accurate answers to the questions (Bissett, 205). The analysis of the study, which includes the interpretation of the gathered data is the fourth phase of the nursing research process.The findings in article two, reveal that nursing staff doesnt understand the puritanical implementation of infection control practices and the potential transmission of infections from one patient to another (Candlin & Stark, 2005). The findings in article one and three as presented were brief, concise and accurate which are easy to understand. In article three, the researchers presented the results of the study in tables and grap hs, which were used as reference to explain the findings of the study.The phase five of nursing research is use the study that completes the research process and breaks that results or findings of the study are shared with the target consumers (Borbasi, et al. 2008). This phase includes good words whether further study is needed to strengthen the findings of the study and conclusions, which are being used as reference to reinforce the outcome of the research study. It may include the evaluation of the study and a summary of the findings together with the relevance and importance of the study in nursing practice.The researchers of the three articles presented their respective conclusions in a brief and concise manner. The researchers in article one outlined their conclusion as brief as possible and stated the implication of the study in relation to nursing practice. Nurses should adhere to the existing policies and guidelines pertinent to infection control practices such as use of disposable apron during direct patient care and nurses should have understanding on the said policies, to promote good practice and reduce attempt of cross-infection, an area that cannot be ignored (Candlin & Stark, 2005).The researcher in article two emphasized that health worker should follow and observe the existing guidelines on infection control and MRSA screening should be done to all patients who are subject for admission to minimize the pretend of MRSA infections (Bissett, 2005). Finally, in article three, as part of the findings of the study, the researchers were able to establish the link between high bed occupancy, patient turnovers interval and MRSA rates considering that nurses do not have enough time to implement effective infection control practices (Cunningham, Kernohan & Rush, 2006).Influence of the research study to the identified issue The study conducted in article one was able to identify the factors that influence the nurses to use plastic apron when providin g direct patient care such as nurses uniforms are not considered as protective clothing. It promotes good practice for health workers as plastic apron protect themselves and other people in a healthcare setting from contagious diseases and other infections. The use of plastic apron will reduce the risk of cross-contamination and prevent the spread of micro-organisms.This research study could influence the identified problem by calling the attention of the health service managers to ensure that a policy from apron use is implemented. The management shall make sure that nurses and other health professionals will have adequate access to disposable apron to protect themselves from contamination, and to guarantee the safety of the patients and staff member in a healthcare setting (Candlin & Stark, 2005). obligate two is considered as an educational in nursing practice.It provides information and data that described nosocomial infections caused by antibiotic-resistant strain of bacteria such as MRSA (Bissett, 2005). Likewise, the study enumerated some infection control strategy that can be applied in my clinical experience such as surveillance of infection, education and instruction production, review and dissemination of written policies and guidelines, etc. that will provide a safe environment in the clinical setting by protecting the clients and other staff members.These infection control strategies will ensure safe and good nursing practice that will snuff it to proper management of infection control practices. It is interesting to note in this article, the findings of the researchers would serve as reference in combating healthcare-associated infections. It would educate the nursing staff as far as infection control practices that form part as an update of the existing policies and guidelines.It reminds the nurses and other healthcare workers of the grave consequences for patients if there will be an outbreak of the infection in the clinical setting. Likewis e, the author of the article suggested some infection control strategies that will be of help in reducing the risk of cross-contamination and preventing the spread or transmission of infections. Bissett (2005) stressed that isolation of patient who is MRSA positive is the most ideal precautionary measure to prevent the spread of infections coupled with hygiene and cleanliness within the hospital premises.The data presented in article three are prevalent in my clinical experience and the findings of the study is evident in all(prenominal) healthcare setting that when there is a rapid turnover interval of patients meaning admission of patients is greater than the discharge it will caused high bed occupancy resulting to increase in the MRSA rate due to overcrowding and work overload of nurses and other healthcare workers in a hospital setting.Such limitations will put the nurses and medical staff working under tweet and may tend to forget to follow hygiene procedures and infection co ntrol practices (Wenzel, 1993). This article may influence the identified problem in my clinical experience by introducing equitable distribution of workload among nurses and medical staff that will include the number of patients to be taken care of by each nurse or medical staff.In this case, nurses could concentrate on the activities and care plan to be introduced to the patient including the promotion of proper hygiene and observance of infection control practices. Conclusion In conclusion, the main recommendations arising from this study suggest that nurses must be knowledgeable to the current policies and guidelines relative to proper hygiene and infection control practices. This recommendation relates to the competencies of nurses to promote an environment that enables client safety, independence, quality of life, and health.Likewise, nurses must also be responsible for their own professional development (Weber & Kelly, 2003). All qualified nurses must develop competency vit al evaluation of research. According to Borbasi, et. al. (2008), it must be evident that nursing care provided to clients if possible, is based on quality research based evidence. Assessing critical evaluation skills takes time and practice. Working along with other nurses (senior staff) can make the process more effective.This will ensure that the highest possible standard for evidence-based practice is provided for patients. Relative to the three pieces of nursing research, it appears that poor hygiene and failure to follow infection control practices by nurses and other healthcare workers are contributory to rapid transmission of nosocomial infections such as MRSA in a clinical setting (Bissett, 2005). To effectively address this issue existing policies and guidelines on infection control and prevention should be updated and strictly implemented in a clinical setting.An audit tool to monitor compliance of nurses and other health professionals to the said guidelines and policies should be initiated as part of the strategies on how to minimize if cannot eradicate the spread of infections. This study can be considered as a stir up up call for nurses, doctors, and other healthcare workers for them to religiously observe proper hygiene within the hospital setting and strictly follow the standards provided by the giving medication to stop the spread of infections in a clinical setting as well as in community setting through effective information, and education campaign.REFERENCES Bissett, L. (2005). Controlling the risk of MRSA infection screening and isolating patients. British journal of Nursing, 14 (7), 396-390. Borbasi, S. , Jackson, D. , & Langford, R. (2008). Navigating the maze of nursing research 2e An interactive learning adventure. Sydney, Australia Elsevier Mosby. Candlin, J. , Stark, S. (2005). Plastic apron wear during direct patient care. Nursing Standard. 20, (2), 41-46. Cunningham, J. , Kernohan, W. , & Rush, T. (2006). Bed occupancy, turnover internal and MRSA rates in Northern Ireland. British Journal of Nursing, 15 (6), 324-328.Gopal Rao, G. (1998). Risk factors for the spread of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Department of Microbiology, University Hospital Lewisham, London Gould, D. (2008). closing off precaution to prevent the spread of contagious diseases. Nursing Standard. 23, (22), 47-55. Parahoo, K. (1997). Nursing Research Principles, processes and issues. Macmillan. ISB No. 337-69918-1. Weber, J. & Kelly, J. , (2003). Health assessment in nursing. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Wenzel, RP. (1993). Prevention and control of nosocomial infections, (2nd ed. ). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.Nursing Research?INTRODUCTION Nursing research is a systematic process by which nurses may used to confirm or refine existing knowledge and to explore new ideas about issues related to nursing practice (Borbasi, Jackson, & Langford, 2008). It falls largely into two areas, namely Qualitative research and Quantitative research whe reby qualitative research is based on the model of phenomenology, grounded theory, and ethnography and examines the experience of those receiving or delivering nursing care.The research methods most normally used in qualitative research are interviews, case studies, and ethnography. On the other hand, quantitative research is based in the paradigm of logical positivism and is focused upon outcomes for clients that are measurable, generally using statistics gathered from a survey questionnaire method of research (Parahoo, 1997). The objective of this nursing research assignment is to distinguish the identified three pieces of nursing research with a common issue that is relevant to my current clinical experience.The five phases of the research process will be outlined and discussed the findings of the researchers by providing examples from each study. For purposes of this assignment, the research topic which I want to examine is poor hygiene and failure to follow infection control pr actices, contributing to the spread of nosocomial infections especially those caused by antibiotic-resistant strain of bacteria such as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in a clinical setting.The said topic was chosen because it has been observed during my clinical experience, that most of the time doctors, nurses, and other health professionals does not adhere to the implementation of existing guidelines pertinent to infection prevention and control practices maybe due to excessive workload and rapid turnover interval of patients but nonetheless, that is not an excuse. Further, the emergence of antibiotic resistance is primarily due to excessive and often unnecessary use of antibiotics to patients (Gould, 2008).Risk factor for the spread of resistant bacteria in hospitals can be summarized as over-crowding and lapses in hygiene or poor infection control practices (Gopal Rao, 1998). The three identified nursing research articles relates to my current clinical experi ence wherein a common problem was determined specifically enumerating the factors for the spread of healthcare-associated infections (HCAIs) such as MRSA and providing some remedies to prevent and control the transmission of such infections.Problems identified in relation to my clinical experience. Based on previous studies it was ascertained that the mode of transmission of micro -organisms in a healthcare setting include direct and indirect contact, inhalation or droplet, waterborne or body fluid route, foodborne, and sexual activity (Gould, 2008). The problems related to my clinical experience are poor hygiene and non-adherence to infection control guidelines by nursing staff and other health professionals.Hence, it appears that infection control was not properly managed in a healthcare setting. In my clinical experience it was observed that most of the doctors and nurses do not wear disposable gloves and disposable apron during their visit to different patients especially for th ose patients who are in isolation room afflicted with different kinds of disease. This observation can be illustrated when a patient was admitted in the ward and lodged in an isolation room because the patient is MRSA positive.The doctor enter into the patients room to do some medical assessment and most of the time doctor tend to forget to wear protective gear before conducted clinical assessments, despite the notice or sign posted in front of the patients room being an isolated area. Upon conducting the medical assessment on a patient who is MRSA positive, the doctor did not wash his hands instead continued his job by conducting medical check up on the other patients who are not in isolation area. In addition, nurses also tend to forget to follow infection control ractices. They failed to understand the chain of infection control, for example an E. coli, which is considered as an infection agent found in the large intestine of human form the greater part of the normal intestinal f lora. Its port of exit is via faeces. The nurse removed the contaminated linen from the bed. The E. coli contaminated the hands of the nurse who then provided care to another patient without hand washing. The second patient has a foley catheter. The nurse manipulated the catheter tubing, the E. oli in the nurses hands contaminated the catheter tubing and ascending to the patients urinary tract and then into the bladder. The susceptible host, who is the second patient with the foley catheter is an elderly and had a chronic illness necessitating complete bed rest. The foley catheter contaminated by the E. coli organism provided a direct route into the urinary bladder causing the transmission of the infection from one patient to another. The most common mode of transmission of infection is by direct contact, often on the hands of health workers.This is the way that most HCAIs are spread and explains why hand washing is emphasized as the most important way of breaking the chain of infec tion (Gould, 2008). Moreover, nurses were observed roaming around in the ward corridor wearing the disposable gloves and disposable gowns after providing nursing care to patients who are in isolation room. These actuations probe that nurses should have continuing education on the implementation of infection control practices to avoid cross-infection and transmission of contagious diseases among patients.The essence of public health is taking sensible measures to prevent problems in the future. Good infection control in primary care has the potential to prevent grave consequences for patients. Nurses in primary care should play a crucial role in ensuring cleanliness, infection control practices and adhere to guidelines in this important area (Gould, 2008). Five phases of the research process The nursing research process contains an orderly series of phases or steps that outline the key points of research study.Research article has both qualitative and quantitative research method to develop and answer the issues pertinent to the specific topic (Borbasi, et al. , 2008). The first phase of nursing research is to conceive the study by identifying the issue or problem to be studied relevant to the interest of the researcher that will include the goal of the study, review of literature, development of theoretical framework, and the formulation of research hypothesis (Borbasi, et al. , 2008).Literature review serves to put the current study into the context of what is already known about the phenomenon (Parahoo, 1997). The three identified nursing research were conceived due to the following problems In article one entitled Plastic apron wear during direct patient care, the researchers stated the problem as inconsistent practice in apron use by nurses in healthcare setting (Candlin & Stark, 2005). In this study an expansion of the general themes and concentration of the main report is given and the reader is able to make choice about the relevance of the article for the purpose.The identified problem in article two entitled controlling the risk of MRSA infection screening and isolating patients stated that there is a need to minimize the spread of antibiotic resistant infection through screening and isolating patients (Bissett, 2005). For article three, entitled bed occupancy, turnover interval and MRSA rates in Northern Ireland, the researchers identified the problem as the increasing rate of MRSA infection in the healthcare setting. Relative thereto, the aim of the study is to ascertain the relationship between bed percentage occupancy and MRSA patient episode rates (Cunningham, kernohan & Rush, 2006).In the review of literature, the researchers of the three articles analyses the literatures from different sources such as Cinahl, Medline and Pubmed (Bissett, 2005), to help in the development of theoretical framework to explain or predict study outcomes (Borbasi, et al. , 2008). In article three the researchers develop theoretical framework to explain their findings by using the collected data from different sources. The second phase of nursing research is to design the study whereby the methodology for the conduct of research was identified (Borbasi, et al. , 2008).It includes the process of data collection, whereby article three is an example of quantitative method of research wherein the researchers gathered the needed data from annual reports and hospital statistics. In article one, the researchers collected the information and data needed in their study from 15 journal articles which are relevant to their topic that contribute to the credibility of the outcome of the study and this is a representation of a qualitative method of research as the researchers analyses previous case studies relevant to their topic (Candlin & Stark, 2005).Further, article two was identified as a quantitative study and clearly outlined the research question to be answered (Bissett, 2005). The conduct of the study is the third phase of nurs ing research and ethics is part of phase 3 of the nursing process. It is an important part of nursing research and it is an area in which the health professional is involved daily particularly in providing care to patients. Issues relating to the study, design, recruitment of participants, feedback and data collection methods are subject to scrutiny of a departmental ethics committee and approval should be obtained.Consent was secured from the target participants by the researchers in support to their study (Borbasi, et al. , 2008). Phase 3 includes the actual data collection pertinent to the study. In article one, the researchers evaluated and analyses the information and data gathered from the documents. They separated the data into three categories in order to accurately determine and interpret their findings (Candlin & Stark, 2005).Records show that the researchers of the three identified nursing research sought the approval of an institutional ethics committee prior to the cond uct of their respective studies. However, such approval was not acknowledged in the content of their studies. The three nursing research studies encountered some limitations, which affect the validity of the outcome of their studies. For example, in article one and three, the researchers identified their method of data analysis as their limitation in the conduct of their studies.Candlin & Stark (2005) stressed that the documentary analysis in their study have limited available data, which are incomplete, inaccurate and has inherent biases, while the researcher in article two explained that by using survey questionnaire in the data collection does not guarantee that the target participants will provide honest and accurate answers to the questions (Bissett, 205). The analysis of the study, which includes the interpretation of the gathered data is the fourth phase of the nursing research process.The findings in article two, reveal that nursing staff doesnt understand the proper impleme ntation of infection control practices and the potential transmission of infections from one patient to another (Candlin & Stark, 2005). The findings in article one and three as presented were brief, concise and accurate which are easy to understand. In article three, the researchers presented the results of the study in tables and graphs, which were used as reference to explain the findings of the study.The phase five of nursing research is use the study that completes the research process and ensures that results or findings of the study are shared with the target consumers (Borbasi, et al. 2008). This phase includes recommendations whether further study is needed to strengthen the findings of the study and conclusions, which are being used as reference to reinforce the outcome of the research study. It may include the evaluation of the study and a summary of the findings together with the relevance and importance of the study in nursing practice.The researchers of the three artic les presented their respective conclusions in a brief and concise manner. The researchers in article one outlined their conclusion as brief as possible and stated the implication of the study in relation to nursing practice. Nurses should adhere to the existing policies and guidelines pertinent to infection control practices such as use of disposable apron during direct patient care and nurses should have understanding on the said policies, to promote good practice and reduce risk of cross-infection, an area that cannot be ignored (Candlin & Stark, 2005).The researcher in article two emphasized that health worker should follow and observe the existing guidelines on infection control and MRSA screening should be done to all patients who are subject for admission to minimize the risk of MRSA infections (Bissett, 2005). Finally, in article three, as part of the findings of the study, the researchers were able to establish the link between high bed occupancy, patient turnovers interval and MRSA rates considering that nurses do not have enough time to implement effective infection control practices (Cunningham, Kernohan & Rush, 2006).Influence of the research study to the identified issue The study conducted in article one was able to identify the factors that influence the nurses to use plastic apron when providing direct patient care such as nurses uniforms are not considered as protective clothing. It promotes good practice for health workers as plastic apron protect themselves and other people in a healthcare setting from contagious diseases and other infections. The use of plastic apron will reduce the risk of cross-contamination and prevent the spread of micro-organisms.This research study could influence the identified problem by calling the attention of the health service managers to ensure that a policy from apron use is implemented. The management shall make sure that nurses and other health professionals will have adequate access to disposable apron to p rotect themselves from contamination, and to guarantee the safety of the patients and staff member in a healthcare setting (Candlin & Stark, 2005). Article two is considered as an educational in nursing practice.It provides information and data that described nosocomial infections caused by antibiotic-resistant strain of bacteria such as MRSA (Bissett, 2005). Likewise, the study enumerated some infection control strategy that can be applied in my clinical experience such as surveillance of infection, education and training production, review and dissemination of written policies and guidelines, etc. that will provide a safe environment in the clinical setting by protecting the clients and other staff members.These infection control strategies will ensure safe and good nursing practice that will lead to proper management of infection control practices. It is interesting to note in this article, the findings of the researchers would serve as reference in combating healthcare-associate d infections. It would educate the nursing staff as far as infection control practices that form part as an update of the existing policies and guidelines.It reminds the nurses and other healthcare workers of the grave consequences for patients if there will be an outbreak of the infection in the clinical setting. Likewise, the author of the article suggested some infection control strategies that will be of help in reducing the risk of cross-contamination and preventing the spread or transmission of infections. Bissett (2005) stressed that isolation of patient who is MRSA positive is the most ideal precautionary measure to prevent the spread of infections coupled with hygiene and cleanliness within the hospital premises.The data presented in article three are prevalent in my clinical experience and the findings of the study is evident in every healthcare setting that when there is a rapid turnover interval of patients meaning admission of patients is greater than the discharge it w ill caused high bed occupancy resulting to increase in the MRSA rate due to overcrowding and work overload of nurses and other healthcare workers in a hospital setting.Such limitations will put the nurses and medical staff working under pressure and may tend to forget to follow hygiene procedures and infection control practices (Wenzel, 1993). This article may influence the identified problem in my clinical experience by introducing equitable distribution of workload among nurses and medical staff that will include the number of patients to be taken care of by each nurse or medical staff.In this case, nurses could concentrate on the activities and care plan to be introduced to the patient including the promotion of proper hygiene and observance of infection control practices. Conclusion In conclusion, the main recommendations arising from this study suggest that nurses must be knowledgeable to the current policies and guidelines relative to proper hygiene and infection control pract ices. This recommendation relates to the competencies of nurses to promote an environment that enables client safety, independence, quality of life, and health.Likewise, nurses must also be responsible for their own professional development (Weber & Kelly, 2003). All qualified nurses must develop competency critical evaluation of research. According to Borbasi, et. al. (2008), it must be evident that nursing care provided to clients if possible, is based on quality research based evidence. Assessing critical evaluation skills takes time and practice. Working along with other nurses (senior staff) can make the process more effective.This will ensure that the highest possible standard for evidence-based practice is provided for patients. Relative to the three pieces of nursing research, it appears that poor hygiene and failure to follow infection control practices by nurses and other healthcare workers are contributory to rapid transmission of nosocomial infections such as MRSA in a clinical setting (Bissett, 2005). To effectively address this issue existing policies and guidelines on infection control and prevention should be updated and strictly implemented in a clinical setting.An audit tool to monitor compliance of nurses and other health professionals to the said guidelines and policies should be initiated as part of the strategies on how to minimize if cannot eradicate the spread of infections. This study can be considered as a wake up call for nurses, doctors, and other healthcare workers for them to religiously observe proper hygiene within the hospital setting and strictly follow the standards provided by the government to stop the spread of infections in a clinical setting as well as in community setting through effective information, and education campaign.REFERENCES Bissett, L. (2005). Controlling the risk of MRSA infection screening and isolating patients. British journal of Nursing, 14 (7), 396-390. Borbasi, S. , Jackson, D. , & Langford, R. (2008 ). Navigating the maze of nursing research 2e An interactive learning adventure. Sydney, Australia Elsevier Mosby. Candlin, J. , Stark, S. (2005). Plastic apron wear during direct patient care. Nursing Standard. 20, (2), 41-46. Cunningham, J. , Kernohan, W. , & Rush, T. (2006). Bed occupancy, turnover internal and MRSA rates in Northern Ireland. British Journal of Nursing, 15 (6), 324-328.Gopal Rao, G. (1998). Risk factors for the spread of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Department of Microbiology, University Hospital Lewisham, London Gould, D. (2008). Isolation precaution to prevent the spread of contagious diseases. Nursing Standard. 23, (22), 47-55. Parahoo, K. (1997). Nursing Research Principles, processes and issues. Macmillan. ISB No. 337-69918-1. Weber, J. & Kelly, J. , (2003). Health assessment in nursing. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Wenzel, RP. (1993). Prevention and control of nosocomial infections, (2nd ed. ). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.